However, the gas exchange experiment, which was deemed the most important of the four, produced a negative result, leading most scientists to eventually conclude that the Viking experiments did not detect Martian life.īut Schulze-Makuch believes most of the experiments may have produced skewed results because they used too much water. (Subsequent landers and rovers have since proved that these organic compounds occur naturally on Mars.) The GCMS also found some traces of chlorinated organic compounds, but at the time, mission scientists believed the compounds were contamination from cleaning products used on Earth. The labeled release and pyrolytic release experiments produced some results that supported the idea of life on Mars: In both experiments, small changes in the concentrations of some gases hinted that some sort of metabolism was taking place. The results of the Viking experiments were confusing, and have continued to perplex some scientists ever since. My trip was in conjunction with Ireland Tourism as part of a campaign to bring the country’s centuries-old history to life.A model replica of one of the Viking landers. If you are not on a self-drive route, you can plan and book rail and bus tickets on the Transport for Ireland (TFI) site. This is via the 600 Dublin Coach or the 717 bus service (operated by JJ. Kilkenny to Dublin: Approximately 2 hours. Via the 736 Kenneally’s Bus Service or number 600 Dublin Coach Waterford to Dublin: 2 hours and 40 minutes This journey is on the Kildare/Waterford Rail Service, or you can take the frequently running number 600 Dublin Coach. Kilkenny to Waterford / Waterford to Kilkenny: 53 minutes via Irish Rail. Via the 600 Dublin Coach or the Kildare/Waterford Rail Service. The number 736 Kenneally’s Bus Service is the most frequent and direct service.ĭublin to Kilkenny: 2 hours – 2 hours and 30 minutes
If you want to visit both, the easiest routes are as follows: Dublin to Starting Cityĭublin to Waterford: 2 hours and 40 minutes. The two cities are less than one hour apart in journey time, via Irish rail or by road. Visiting Kilkenny and Waterford form part of an accessible round trip from Dublin. READ MORE: Kilkenny Medieval Mile – The First Medieval Capital of Ireland. Find the time to immerse yourself in both cities, as they have different historical offerings. Each safeguards its city’s early beginnings while a modern vibrancy grows around it.Īnd if you are debating Waterford or Kilkenny, don’t. I immersed myself in a journey that paved the timeline of conquest and cultivation via two routes – in Kilkenny’s Medieval Mile and Waterford’s Viking Triangle. Alongside the singular ancient relics whose crumbling walls echo the stories of 5,000 years from their rolling green and hilltop settings, Ireland’s Ancient East preserves the very foundations of the country’s civil growth in its cities. In European history, the Middle Ages, or the medieval period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. Where adventure-seeking Vikings and zealous Norman invaders came and made their mark, imposed their ideas, and laid the characteristics of each city as they stand today. On a journey from Waterford to Kilkenny, you will visit cities symbolic of Ireland’s rich urban history. Waterford to Kilkenny – Combining Historical Trails Join a House of Waterford Crystal Factory Tour and get behind the scenes of the city’s famed craft. Tickets for the ‘Epic Tour of the Viking Triangle’ are available from the Medieval Museum or the Bishop’s Palace. Watching the masters at work at the House of Waterford Crystal. The Christ Church Cathedral and Reginald’s Tower (housing a Viking exhibition) stand next to a replica 40-foot Viking longboat. In just a few short hours, I better understood the history from the triangle’s hotspots – the colourful artefact-filled Medieval Museum and the 18 th century Bishop’s Palace (recording Waterford’s history from 1700-1970). On the original 9th-century Viking Settlement site, I walked in the footsteps of adventurous Regnall in what is now a compact area of Waterford’s Old town.Īccessible by foot and in the nooks and crannies of old spaces, this trail is easily navigated, although there is a costumed tour known as the Epic Tour of the Viking Triangle. Waterford to Kilkenny – Combining Historical Trails.
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